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| 1082 |
| | | Venice acquires valuable trading privileges from Constantinople, her merchants being excused all dues and customs in the Byzantine empire | |
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| c. 1100 |
| | | Greek texts, translated by Arabic scholars in Baghdad, gradually make their way through the Muslim world to Christian Europe | |
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| 1144 |
| | | The fall of Edessa prompts the pope, Eugenius III, to call for a second crusade to defend the Latin kingdom | |
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| c. 1150 |
| | | The biblical kings and queens in the west porch of Chartres cathedral are a striking early example of Gothic sculpture | |
|  | Chartres Cathedral, figures round north door
Fotofile CG
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| c. 1200 |
| | | In the cathedral on Torcello, and in St Mark's, Venetian mosaics are a culmination in the west of the Byzantine tradition | |
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| 1237 |
| | | Batu Khan and his Mongols sweep into Russia, where they and their descendants become known as the Golden Horde | |
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| 1354 |
| | | Gallipoli is taken by the Ottoman Turks, giving them their first foothold in Europe | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | The caravel, a sailing ship developed in the Mediterranean and used down the west coast of Africa, is adapted by the Portuguese for Atlantic use | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | Christian boys, trained as slaves in the personal service of the Turkish sultan, acquire considerable power as the elite corps of janissaries | |
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| 1453 |
| | | Constantinople falls to a 21-year-old Muslim conqueror, Mehmed II, bringing the Ottoman Turks their capital city | |
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